Chapter 4: Operators in Python
In this chapter, we’ll learn all about operators in Python. Operators are special symbols or keywords that perform operations on variables and values. Python supports several types of operators to make coding easier and more efficient.
Types of Operators in Python:
- Arithmetic Operators
- Comparison (Relational) Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Membership Operators
- Identity Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations:
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | a + b |
| - | Subtraction | a - b |
| * | Multiplication | a * b |
| / | Division | a / b |
| % | Modulus (remainder) | a % b |
| ** | Exponentiation | a ** b |
| // | Floor Division | a // b |
2. Comparison Operators
Comparison operators compare two values and return a boolean (True/False):
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| == | Equal to | a == b |
| != | Not equal to | a != b |
| > | Greater than | a > b |
| < | Less than | a < b |
| >= | Greater than or equal to | a >= b |
| <= | Less than or equal to | a <= b |
3. Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| = | Assigns value | a = 5 |
| += | Add and assign | a += 2 (same as a = a + 2) |
| -= | Subtract and assign | a -= 2 |
| *= | Multiply and assign | a *= 2 |
| /= | Divide and assign | a /= 2 |
| %= | Modulus and assign | a %= 2 |
4. Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:
and: Returns True if both statements are true (a > 5 and b < 10)or: Returns True if at least one statement is true (a > 5 or b < 10)not: Reverses the result (not(a > 5))
5. Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators perform operations at the binary level. These are more advanced but powerful in certain scenarios:
&: AND|: OR^: XOR~: NOT<<: Left Shift>>: Right Shift
6. Membership Operators
in: Returns True if a sequence is found in the object ('a' in 'apple')not in: Returns True if a sequence is not found in the object ('b' not in 'apple')
7. Identity Operators
is: Returns True if two objects are the same (a is b)is not: Returns True if two objects are not the same (a is not b)
That’s it for operators in Python! Practice these with simple examples to understand them better. In the next chapter, we’ll explore Control Flow Statements.
